ZusammenfassungDas Axiomensystem der ebenen projektiven Geometrie ist dual in dem Sinne, dass es bei Vertauschung der Begriffe « Punkt » und « Gerade » in sich übergeht. Daraus folgt, dass mit jedem Satz auch der duale Satz aus den Axiomen beweisbar ist. Dagegen kann aus der Dualität des Axiomensystems nicht geschlossen werden, dass in einem Modell mit jedem Satz auch der duale Satz gilt; noch weniger folgt, dass ein Modell eine eineindeutige Abbildung zulässt, welche Punkte and Geraden unter Erhaltung der (...) Inzidenz vertauscht. Im Falle der projektiven Geometrie sind solche Modelle bekannt; für die einfache Typentheorie wird gezeigt, dassa die Existenz solcher Modelle äquivalent ist mit der Widerspruchsfreiheit des Systems « New Foundations ».Zusatz. Der folgende Satz beantwortet die beiden in der Arbeit aufgeworfenen Fragen: Eine vollständige Theorie mit einem Automorphismus hat ein Modell, welches einen entsprechenden Automorphismus zulässt. Insbesondere ist somit NF widerspruchsfrei, wenn die einfache Typentheorie mit den zusätzlichen Axiomen S ≡ S* widerspruchsfrei ist.RésuméLe système d'axiomes de la géométrie projective plane est dualistique dans le sens qu'il se transforme en lui‐même si I'on y échange les notions « points » et « droite ». Cette dualité entraîne un parallélisme des théorémes et de leurs démonstrations. Par contre, la dualité d'un système d'axiomes ne nous permet pas de conclure au parallélisme des énoncés qui soient vrais dans un modéle donné du systéme; moins encore peut‐on insérer I'existence d'une transformation biunivoque échangeant points et droites et conservant la relation d'incidence. Pour la géométric projective, de tels modèles sont bien connus; pour la théorie simple des types, I'existence d'un tel modèle est équivalent a la cohérence du système « New Foundations ».Remarque. Le théoréme suivant résout les deux problèmes proposés dans le travail: Toute théorie complète admettant un automorphisme possède un modèle admettant un automorphisme correspondant. NF est par conséquent cohérent si la théorie simple des types avec les axiomes supplémentaires S ≡ S * est cohérente.The axiom system of plane projective geometry is dual in the sense that it is transformed into itself by exchange of the notions « point » and « line.» It follows that for every theorem the dual sentence is also a theorem. However, from the duality of the axiom system one cannot conclude that in a model the truth of a sentence implies that of the dual sentence; even less can one conclude that each model admits a 1‐1‐transformation interchanging points and lines and preserving the incidence relation. For projective geometry, models of this kind are well known. For the simple theory of types it is shown that the existence of such models is equivalent to the consistency of « New Foundations. »Additional remark. The following theorem answers both of the questions proposed in the paper: If it is complete, then a theory with an automorphism has a model with a corresponding automorphism. NF is therefore consistent if simple theory of type with the additional axioms S ≡ S* is consistent. (shrink)

SummaryIn order to use modern infinitary mathematics in the natural sciences, human beings have developed a corresponding picture of the world. The gnomes have made a similar step for their trade — books e.g. are sold and bought in infinite sets. In a gnomic‐human dialogue the problems arrising from such attitudes are discussed and a path from modern to postmodern mathematics is sketched.

Ernst Troeltsch's essay on socialism presents a summary account of his views on the prospects for a socialist economic order within the Weimar Republic. Troeltsch attempts to formulate a compromise that incorporates the proposals of both social conservatism and communism. Such a compromise, he insists, is possible on the basis of a realistic assessment of socialism supported by "an act of faith in the future" based upon explicitly religious resources. This essay is significant not only in relation to the (...) "religious socialism" then discussed in Germany, but also for the development of "political theology" today. (shrink)

Installation art is one of the most important and provocative developments in the visual arts during the last half century and has become a key focus of artists and of contemporary museums. It is also seen as particularly challenging or even disliked by many viewers, and-due to its unique in situ, immersive setting-is equally regarded as difficult or even beyond the grasp of present methods in empirical aesthetic psychology. In this paper, we introduce an exploratory study with installation art, utilizing (...) a collection of techniques to capture the eclectic, the embodied, and often the emotionally-charged viewing experience. We present results from an investigation of two pieces, both part of Olafur Eliasson's exhibition "Baroque, Baroque" held at the Belvedere museum in Vienna. These were assessed by administered pre- and post-viewing questionnaires focusing on emotion, meaning-making, and appraisals, in tandem with mobile eye tracking to consider viewers' attention to both installed artworks and/or the museum environment. The data showed differences in participants' emotional states, appraisals, and visual exploration, which together paint a picture of the aesthetic reactions to the works. These differences also showed how viewers' appraisal strategies, meaning making, and physical actions facilitated relatively more or less deep engagement with, and enjoyment of, the art pieces. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for museum studies, art education, and theory in empirical aesthetics. (shrink)

Dōgen has been described as a social reformer based on his more “enlightened” attitude towards women, inviting women students into his sangha and advocating for more egalitarian views of gender (Eido Frances Carney, Receiving the Marrow: Teachings on Dōgen by Soto Zen Women Priests (2012), p. xi). In this chapter, I describe how contemporary Western Zen women and their allies have understood Dōgen’s texts as a tool of personal and social transformation through examination of work by Zen practitioners such as (...) Greenwood’s Bow First (2018), Carney’s Receiving the Marrow (2012), Schireson’s Zen Women (2009), and Glassman and Fields’ Instructions to the Cook (1996). In particular, I posit that Zen women have expressed the practical nature of Dōgen’s philosophy for contemporary non-monastics, showing how to de-center oneself through full participation in the activity of the world. This is in contrast to self-centered preoccupation with individual enlightenment or spiritual attainment. Paradoxically, it is the fact that women have often been confined to social roles that prevent their separation from the minutiae of everyday life that allows them to embody Dōgen’s dictum to “forget the self and be actualized by myriad things.”. (shrink)

© Ginn et al. 2016.The indexing methods currently used for serial femtosecond crystallography were originally developed for experiments in which crystals are rotated in the X-ray beam, providing significant three-dimensional information. On the other hand, shots from both X-ray free-electron lasers and serial synchrotron crystallography experiments are still images, in which the few three-dimensional data available arise only from the curvature of the Ewald sphere. Traditional synchrotron crystallography methods are thus less well suited to still image data processing. Here, a (...) new indexing method is presented with the aim of maximizing information use from a still image given the known unit-cell dimensions and space group. Efficacy for cubic, hexagonal and orthorhombic space groups is shown, and for those showing some evidence of diffraction the indexing rate ranged from 90% to 151%. Here, the indexing rate refers to the number of lattices indexed per image. (shrink)

ABSTRACTDespite interest in exercise as a treatment for anxiety disorders the mechanism behind the anxiolytic effects of exercise is unclear. Two observations motivate the present work. First, engagement of attention control during increased working memory load can decrease anxiety. Second, exercise can improve attention control. Therefore, exercise could boost the anxiolytic effects of increased WM load via its strengthening of attention control. Anxiety was induced by threat of shock and was quantified with anxiety-potentiated startle. Thirty-five healthy volunteers participated in two (...) types of activity, exercise and control-activity. After each activity, participants completed a WM task at low- and high-load during safe and threat. Results were not consistent with the hypothesis: exercise vs. control-activity increased APS in high-load. However, this incre... (shrink)

Traduction de l’article de Ernst Mach, « Die Leitgedanken meiner naturwissenschaftlichen Erkenntnislehre und ihre Aufnahme durch die Zeitgenossen » [Les idées directrices de ma théorie scientifique de la connaissance et leur réception par mes contemporains], paru dans Scientia, 7 (1910), p. 225–240. Dans la première partie du texte, Mach expose sa théorie économico-biologique de la connaissance en en retraçant la genèse, des premières années de sa formation intellectuelle jusqu’à la rédaction de ses derniers ouvrages. Il indique également les points (...) de rapprochement possibles avec les doctrines de certains physiciens, mais aussi avec celles de philosophes dont il s’estime particulièrement proche. Dans la seconde partie du texte, Mach répond point par point à la polémique amorcée par Planck et donne ainsi une image plus complexe de sa pensée, loin du dogmatisme que l’on associe ordinairement au positivisme. (shrink)

L’architecture carcérale présente les actes d’un colloque organisé en décembre 2010 à l’occasion du dixième anniversaire de la délocalisation, à Agen, de l’Ecole nationale d’administration pénitentiaire (ENAP). L’ouvrage est illustré de nombreux documents iconographiques provenant du fonds de plans d’architectes et de collections photographiques sur les établissements pénitentiaires conservés au Centre de ressources sur l’histoire des crimes et des peines (CRHCP) de l’ENAP. Comme l’indique le..

At all biological processes, we see a variability of the individuals. The problem is, to find out the valuation of the different reactions. Size and form of the variation dependend upon the environment. That has been demonstrated in fig. I on the second moult of the bugBagrada picta. In overcrowded populations most of the individuals are retarded, but the first moulting individuals not so much as the later ones. In cultures of bedbugs bread at 34° C, the moultings of the (...) individuals with a bad physiological constitution take place — from generation to generation — much later than those of the best individuals. The variability is also changed with the mortality, as has been demonstrated in fig. 3. Some generations ofPicris brassicae depend upon temperature in a different kind . Fig 5 demonstrates, that the lower and the upper limit of the variability ist fixed. These examples make evident, that their is a physiological difference between the biological reaction of the individuals. Therefore, their average depends also upon the environment and in comparing we will get rules only, but in regarding the highest possible efficiency of the species or race, we will get laws. This highest efficiency is given for insects by the shortest times for the development, by the lowest mortality and by the highest production of healthy eggs in each combination of temperature and humidity. The curve in fig. 4 and the lower curve in fig. 5 are mathematical catenary curves, which represent, therefore, a real biological law for the influence of temperature. The knowledge of this character of the variability is important both for the theoretical and for the applied biology.Chez tous les réactions de la vie, nous trouvons une variabilité des individus. C'est une problème de trouver la valeur des différentes réactions. La grandeur et la forme de la variation dependent des conditions des environs. Fig.i montre la deuxième mue de la pentatomideBagrada picta. Dans les populations avec beaucoup d'individus il y a une rétardation, mais la rétardation des premiers individus n'est pas si grande que celle des derniers. Des punaises toujours cultivées à 34° C montrent la mème phénomène, mais encore plus distinctement dans les générations succédents. La variation est changée aussi avec la mortalité . Fig. 4 montre, que la même réaction de plusieurs générations duPieris brassicae est hétérogene. Fig. 5 fait voir que les limites de la variabilité sont fixées.Par ces exemples, il est évident, qu 'il y a une différence physiologique entre les réactions des individus. La moyenne arithmétique ne suffit pas pour une comparaison et conduit seulement aux règles; mais nous trouverons les lois biologiques avec les individus, qui montrent les réactions les mieux posibles pour une espèce ou une race. Chez les insectes ce sont p. ex. la dévéloppement la plus vite, la mortalité la plus petite, la plus grande nombre d'oeufs bien portants. Fig. 4 et 5 montrent des courbes caténulaires pour la dévéloppement la plus vite. Elles représentent la loi biologique pour l'influence de la température. Le savoir du charactère de la variabilité est très important pour la biologie théoretique de même que pour la biologie pratique. (shrink)

Das Ergebnis unserer kurzen Untersuchung, die sich noch viel weiter ausdehnen ließe, ist folgendes: Die Lehre von der Seelenwanderung im Islam hängt aufs engste zusammen mit dem S e k t e n t y p u s : der Steigerung des Persönlichkeits- und Individualitätstriebes, wie sie sich einerseits in der Apotheose des verborgenen Imäm, andererseits in der Dramatisierung des Schicksals der menschlichen Seele kundtut. Die alten Religionen und Kulturen auf dem synkretistischen Boden Vorderasiens haben dazu ebenso das Material geliefert (...) wie der Ferne Osten, vornehmlich Indien, nicht zuletzt aber hat zu ihrer Ausbildung auch manche bedeutende Persönlichkeit der islamischen Theologie und das fromme Volksgemüt beigetragen in seiner Art, transzendente Zusammenhänge durch Glauben an die Wiederkehr des verehrten Heiligen zu erfassen, und so daran mitgewirkt, eine ursprünglich politische Sezession in eine religiöse zu verwandeln. Der Seelenwanderungsglaube gewährt seinen Anhängern eine wichtige Möglichkeit zur Deutung von Schuld und Sühne, der Theodizee und der Tatsache der Verschiedenheit der Religionen ; er vertieft das Gemeinschaftsgefühl durch die Theorie der seelischen Verwandtschaft und des Seelenaustauschs zwischen sich nahe-stehenden Personen, und er erklärt, wie ein Heiliger vergottet werden kann. Seine Rolle im Islam mag abseitig sein, aber sie ist nicht unerheblich. (shrink)

“Every culture is first and foremost a particular experience of time” Giorgio Agamben, History and Infancy: the Destruction of Experience, trans. Liz Heron, Verso, 1993, p. 91 Desmond Manderson’s book, Danse Macabre, is an essential read which reminds us that “the visual and spectacular are indispensable elements of how we come to know and are known by politics, law, and regulation”. It presents remarkable research on visual representations of the law, achieving the difficult task of...

States of being conscious (S) can be defined on the basis of temporal information processing. A high-frequency mechanism provides atemporal system states with periods of approximately 30 msec to implement the functional connection of distributed activities allowing the construction of primordial events; a low frequency mechanism characterized by automatic temporal integration sets up temporal windows with approximately 3 seconds duration. This integration mechanism can be used to define S. P-consciousness and A-consciousness as conceived of by Block can be mapped onto (...) these neuronal mechanisms. (shrink)

Francesco Petrarca, translated by H. Nachod: Introduction. A self-portrait. The ascent of Mont Ventoux. On his own ignorance and that of many others. A disapproval of an unreasonable use of the discipline of dialectic. An Averroist visits Petrarca. Petraca's aversion to Arab science. A request to take up the fight against Averroes.--Lorenzo Valla, translated by C.E. Trinkaus, Jr.: Introduction by C.E. Trinkaus, Jr. Dialogue on free will.--Marsilio Ficino, translated by J.L. Burroughs: Introduction, by J.L. Burroughs. Five questions concerning the mind.-- (...) Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, translated by E.L. Forbes Introduction, by P.O. Kristeller. Oration on the dignity of man.--Pietro Pomponazzi, translated by W.H. Hay. Introduction, by J.H. Randall. On the immortality of the soul.--Juan Luis Vives, translated by N. Lenkeith: Introduction, by N. Lenkeith. A fable about man.--Selective bibliography (p. 397-400). (shrink)

Common knowledge is usually defined as a state in which everyone knows that p, everyone knows that everyone knows that p, and so on, ad infinitum. This definition is usually attributed to David Lewis, despite the fact that his own formulation bears no resemblance to common knowledge as it is usually understood. In this paper, I argue that this concept of common knowledge requires revision. Contrary to usual practice, it turns out to be difficult to model formally because existing models (...) fail to distinguish between full-blown common knowledge and merely finite levels of interactive knowledge. Conceptually, the concept is incompatible with Lewis's intended purpose and obscures the explanatory role played by rational choice models. I propose that the concept of common knowledge be brought better into alignment with Lewis's actual formulation. This reconceptualization of common knowledge suggests a greater focus on explanations that make recourse to the cognitive constraints of real-world agents. (shrink)

"Die 1. Aufl. erschien 1932 in Berlin im Verlag Bruno Cassirer (einem Vetter Ernst Cassirers)"--P. [ix].

L'article traduit ici parut dans le Contemporary Jewish Record, Review of events and digest of opinion, 7 (Juin 1944), pages 115 à 126. Cette revue, l'une des nombreuses publications de l'American Jewish Committee, vit le jour peu avant la guerre, en septembre 1938, et finit avec elle en juin 1945, ne trouvant plus sa raison d'être, à savoir dénoncer les crimes allemands et travailler à la paix. Figurent aussi dans ce volume sept un article de Hannah Arendt : « Concerning (...) Minorities » et la traduction de la communication de Renan à la Société des Études Juives, le 26 mai 1883 : « Judaïsme et Christianisme ». Sur les thèmes évoqués, on se référera aux textes suivants : — « Judaism and the Modem political Myths », Symbol, Myth and Culture, Yale University Press, 1979, p.233-239. Il s'agit du texte, incomplet, d'une épreuve manuscrite (Cassirer Deposit 162 b), restée inachevée, de l'article traduit ici. — « The Myth of the State », Fortune, vol. 26, n° 6, juin 1944. — « Der mythos als politische Waffe », Die Amerikanische Rundschau, Munich, n° 11. — « Philosophy and Politics », in Symbol, Myth and Culture, Essays and Lectures of E. Cassirer, ed. by D.P. Varene, Yale University Press, 1979. Traduction française : « Philosophie et politique », in E. Cassirer, L'idée de l'Histoire, les inédits de Yale et autres écrits d'exil, Paris, Éditions du Cerf, 1989. — « The Technique of our Modem Political Myths », in Symbol, Myth and Culture, Essays and Lectures of E. Cassirer, ed. by D.P. Varene, Yale University Press, 1979. — The Myth of the State, Yale University Press, 1946. — T. Cassirer, Aus meinem Leben mit Ernst Cassirer, New York, Prìvately issued, 1950, notamment p. 291-296. (shrink)